Plumbing Glossary
Explore our comprehensive plumbing glossary for clear definitions and explanations of common plumbing terms. Enhance your knowledge and understand plumbing better!
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Plumbing Glossary
A
A Valve
A device that regulates, directs, or controls the flow of liquids or gases by opening, closing, or partially obstructing passageways. Commonly used in plumbing systems to manage water flow.
A.I.A (American Institute of Architects)
A professional organization for architects in the United States. It provides standards and guidelines that may influence building designs, including plumbing and HVAC systems.
ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene)
A lightweight, strong, and durable plastic material commonly used for pipes and fittings in plumbing. Known for its resistance to impact and chemicals.
Absorbent
A material capable of soaking up liquids or moisture. In plumbing, absorbent materials are often used to clean up spills or control water leakage.
Absorption Field
A system of soil and drainage pipes designed to treat and disperse wastewater from a septic system. Also known as a drain field or leach field.
Access Panel
A removable panel that allows access to plumbing, electrical, or mechanical components for maintenance or repair.
Accessible Design
A design approach that ensures buildings, plumbing, and HVAC systems are usable by people with disabilities, following ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act) guidelines.
Acid
A substance with a pH level below 7 that can dissolve some materials and is used in plumbing for cleaning pipes or removing blockages.
Acid Dilution Basin
A specialized basin designed to neutralize acidic wastewater before it is discharged into the drainage system.
Acid Waste
Wastewater containing acidic substances, often produced in industrial or laboratory settings, requiring special handling and neutralization.
Acid Waste Piping
Piping systems designed to safely transport acidic waste, typically made of materials resistant to corrosion, such as polypropylene or ABS.
Acidity
The measure of how acidic a solution is, based on its pH level, with lower pH indicating higher acidity.
Acrylic
A durable and versatile plastic material used in plumbing fixtures like bathtubs and shower enclosures.
ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act)
A U.S. law that ensures accessibility standards for individuals with disabilities in public spaces, including plumbing and HVAC systems.
ADA-compliant Device
A plumbing or HVAC fixture that meets the requirements of the ADA, making it accessible and usable for individuals with disabilities.
Adaptor
A fitting that connects two different types or sizes of pipes or fixtures in a plumbing system.
Adjusting Linkage
A mechanism in plumbing fixtures that allows for fine-tuning the operation, such as in toilet flush valves or faucets.
Aeration
The process of mixing air with water to improve water quality or remove dissolved gases, often used in water treatment systems.
Aerator
A device installed at the tip of a faucet to mix air with water, reducing water usage and preventing splashing.
Aerator Fittings
Components used to attach aerators to faucets, ensuring a secure and effective fit.
Aerobic Bacteria
Microorganisms that require oxygen to break down organic matter, commonly used in septic and wastewater treatment systems.
AGA (American Gas Association)
A trade organization that develops standards and promotes safe and efficient use of natural gas, including in HVAC and plumbing applications.
Air Admittance Valve
A plumbing device that allows air to enter the drainage system to prevent vacuum formation and maintain proper flow.
Air Chamber
A vertical pipe filled with air, installed near faucets to absorb water hammer and prevent noise or damage to pipes.
Air Gap
The vertical space between a water outlet and the flood level of a fixture, preventing backflow contamination.
Air Inversion
A process used in pipe rehabilitation where air pressure is used to install a liner inside an existing pipe.
Air Lock
A condition where trapped air in a plumbing system prevents water flow, often requiring venting to resolve.
Airbreak
An indirect waste connection where the discharge pipe from a fixture is open to the atmosphere before entering the drainage system.
Alkali/Alkalinity
The measure of a solution’s ability to neutralize acid, important in maintaining the balance of water systems.
All Thread Rod
A metal rod with continuous threading used in plumbing and HVAC systems for securing or bracing components.
Ambient Temperature
The temperature of the surrounding environment, which can impact plumbing and HVAC system performance.
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
A federal law ensuring access and usability for people with disabilities in buildings and facilities, including plumbing systems.
Americast
A durable, lightweight material used in bathtubs and sinks, made of porcelain enamel bonded to a steel and composite backing.
An RPZ (Reduced Pressure Zone Backflow Preventer)
A safety device designed to prevent backflow of contaminated water into the potable water supply, commonly used in commercial plumbing.
Anaerobic Bacteria
Microorganisms that thrive in environments without oxygen, often used in septic systems to break down organic waste.
Angle Stop
A small shut-off valve installed on water supply lines, allowing for localized control of water flow to fixtures like faucets or toilets.
Angular Discharge Tube
A plumbing component with a bend or angle, used to connect fixtures to drainage systems.
Annealing
A process that involves heating and then slowly cooling metal to increase its ductility and reduce brittleness, often used in pipe manufacturing.
Anode Rod
A sacrificial metal rod installed in water heaters to prevent corrosion of the tank by attracting corrosive elements.
ANSI (American National Standards Institute)
An organization that oversees the development of standards for various industries, including plumbing and HVAC.
Anti Microbial (Plumbing Definition)
A property of materials or coatings that resists the growth of bacteria, mold, or other microorganisms, enhancing hygiene in plumbing systems.
Anti-scald Valve
A safety device that regulates water temperature to prevent burns from excessively hot water.
Anti-Siphon
A device or mechanism that prevents the backflow of water from a fixture into the potable water supply.
Anti-Siphon Valve (Vacuum Breaker)
A specific type of valve designed to prevent backflow by introducing air into the system when negative pressure occurs.
Apron (or Skirt)
The decorative panel or trim on the front of a bathtub, sink, or similar fixture, often used to conceal plumbing components.
ASA (American Supply Association)
A trade organization representing distributors and manufacturers in the plumbing, HVAC, and industrial piping industries.
ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers)
A professional organization that develops codes and standards for mechanical systems, including plumbing and HVAC.
ASSE (American Society of Sanitary Engineering)
An organization that establishes performance standards for plumbing and water safety devices.
ASTM International
An international organization that develops and publishes standards for materials, products, and systems, including plumbing components.
Auger
A tool used to clear blockages in pipes or drains, also known as a plumbing snake.
Automatic Compensating Valve
A valve that automatically adjusts water pressure and temperature to maintain a consistent flow in plumbing systems.
B
Back Flow
The undesirable reversal of the flow of water or other substances into the potable water supply due to back pressure or back siphonage.
Back Flow Preventer
A device installed in plumbing systems to prevent backflow, protecting potable water from contamination.
Back Flush
The process of reversing water flow through a system to clean or clear debris from pipes or filters.
Back Pressure
Pressure in a plumbing system that opposes the desired flow, often causing backflow if not properly managed.
Back Siphonage
A specific type of backflow caused by a drop in pressure in the supply line, creating suction that can draw contaminants into the potable water system.
Back-up Sump Pumps
Secondary pumps installed in sump systems to provide redundancy and operate during primary pump failure or power outages.
Backflow
The reverse flow of water or waste from a plumbing system, potentially contaminating potable water.
Backflow Prevention Device
A device, such as a check valve or air gap, installed to prevent the reverse flow of water in a plumbing system.
Backpressure in a Plumbing System
A condition where pressure downstream in a plumbing system exceeds the pressure upstream, leading to backflow risks.
Backup
A blockage in a plumbing system that prevents proper flow, often causing water or sewage to return to fixtures or drains.
Backup (Sewer)
The overflow of wastewater from a clogged or overloaded sewer line into homes or buildings.
Backwash Cycle
A cleaning process in filtration systems where water flows in reverse to remove trapped debris from the filter media.
Backwater Valve
A valve installed in a drainage system to prevent sewage or stormwater from flowing back into a building.
Baffle
A panel or barrier used in septic tanks or plumbing systems to control water flow and separate solids from liquids.
Balancing Cocks or Valves
Valves used to balance water flow in HVAC or plumbing systems, ensuring even distribution across components.
Ball Check Valve
A one-way valve that uses a ball to seal against a seat, allowing flow in one direction only.
Ball Passage
The diameter of the opening in a toilet or plumbing fixture through which waste passes.
Ballcock
A valve mechanism in toilet tanks that controls water flow for refilling after a flush.
Barrier-free
A design standard that ensures accessibility for individuals with disabilities, including plumbing fixtures and layouts.
Basin
A sink or bowl-shaped fixture designed to hold water, commonly found in kitchens and bathrooms.
Basin Wrench
A specialized plumbing tool with a pivoting jaw for tightening or loosening faucet nuts in hard-to-reach spaces.
Basket Strainer
A perforated or mesh strainer installed in sinks to catch debris and prevent clogs in the drain.
BC (Finish)
A brushed chrome finish used on plumbing fixtures for a sleek, modern appearance.
Beam Clamps
Clamps used to secure pipes or other components to structural beams in plumbing or HVAC systems.
Bench Mark
A reference point or measurement used in plumbing to maintain consistent levels or alignments during installation.
Bends
Curves or angles in pipes used to redirect flow without sharp turns, reducing pressure loss and turbulence.
BIBB (Bibcock or Hose Bibb)
An outdoor faucet designed to connect to garden hoses or provide water access outside a building.
Bidet
A bathroom fixture designed for washing personal hygiene areas, commonly installed alongside toilets.
Biodegradable
Materials that can naturally break down into non-toxic components through biological processes, reducing environmental impact.
BISQUE
An off-white or beige finish often used for ceramic plumbing fixtures like sinks or bathtubs.
Black Water
Wastewater from toilets or urinals that contains human waste and requires treatment before disposal.
Bleed (Water System)
The process of releasing air or water from a plumbing system to maintain pressure or remove trapped air.
Blind Plug
A fitting used to seal off the end of a pipe temporarily or permanently.
Blowbag
A flexible bladder attached to a hose, used to clear drain blockages by forcing water under pressure into the pipe.
BN (Finish)
A brushed nickel finish applied to plumbing fixtures for a subtle, matte metallic look.
BOCA Code
Building codes developed by the Building Officials and Code Administrators International, influencing plumbing and HVAC standards.
Body Sprays
Shower fixtures installed in walls to spray water horizontally, enhancing the shower experience.
Boiler
A device that heats water or produces steam for heating systems, often used in residential or commercial HVAC applications.
Brackish Water
Water that is more saline than freshwater but less than seawater, often requiring treatment before use.
Braided Supplies
Flexible water supply lines made with braided metal or synthetic fibers, providing durability and resistance to kinking.
Branch
A secondary pipe that distributes water or waste from the main line to individual fixtures or appliances.
Branch Vent
A vent pipe connected to a branch of the drainage system, helping to maintain proper airflow and prevent siphoning.
Branch Water Piping
A network of secondary pipes branching off from a main supply line to deliver water to various fixtures.
Brass
A corrosion-resistant alloy of copper and zinc, commonly used in plumbing fittings and fixtures.
Brass Seats and Seals
Components in plumbing fixtures made of brass for durability and resistance to wear.
Brazing
A process of joining metal parts using a filler material that melts at a lower temperature than the base metals.
Break Tank
A tank used to separate potable water from a pressurized system, preventing backflow and contamination.
BTU (British Thermal Unit)
A measurement of heat energy, used to rate the heating capacity of boilers, furnaces, and water heaters.
Bubbler
A small drinking water fountain with a spout that provides a stream of water for direct consumption.
Buchan Trap
An obsolete type of trap used in drainage systems to prevent sewer gas from entering buildings.
Building Drain
The lowest section of a drainage system inside a building, collecting wastewater and directing it to the sewer or septic system.
Bushing
A fitting used to reduce the size of an opening in a pipe or fixture connection.
Butterfly Valves
Valves with a disc that rotates to control flow, commonly used in large pipes for water or HVAC systems.
C
C/O (Cleanout)
An access point in a plumbing system that allows for the removal of blockages or debris from pipes.
CAD (Computer Aided Design)
Software used by engineers and architects to create detailed drawings and models of plumbing, HVAC, and building systems.
Cast Iron
A durable, heavy material commonly used in plumbing for pipes, fittings, and drainage systems due to its strength and longevity.
Cast Iron Pipe and Fittings
Plumbing components made from cast iron, often used in sewer and drainage systems for their durability and sound-dampening properties.
Catch Basin
A drainage structure that collects water runoff and prevents debris from entering storm drains or sewer systems.
Centerset
A type of faucet configuration where the handles and spout are mounted on a single base, typically for bathroom sinks.
Ceramic Discs
Components in modern faucets that control water flow and temperature, providing durability and drip resistance.
Cesspool
An underground pit that collects wastewater from buildings, allowing liquid to seep into the surrounding soil while retaining solids.
Chair Carrier
A frame used to support wall-mounted fixtures, such as toilets or sinks, ensuring proper weight distribution and stability.
Check Valves
One-way valves that prevent the backflow of water or other fluids in plumbing systems.
China
A durable, non-porous material made of ceramic, often used for plumbing fixtures like sinks and toilets.
Circuit Setter
A balancing valve used in plumbing or HVAC systems to regulate water flow and maintain consistent pressure across the system.
Circuit Vent
A vent pipe that serves multiple fixtures in a plumbing system, ensuring proper air circulation to prevent siphoning.
Cistern
A tank for storing water, typically used for rainwater collection or as a backup water supply.
City Sewer
A municipal system that collects and transports wastewater from homes and businesses to treatment facilities.
Cleanout
A pipe fitting with a removable cap that provides access to the interior of a drain or sewer line for cleaning and maintenance.
Cleanout Cover
A protective plate or cap that conceals a cleanout fitting, keeping it accessible while maintaining a neat appearance.
Cleanout Plug
A threaded or removable plug used to seal the cleanout fitting in a plumbing system.
Clevis Hangers
U-shaped supports used to suspend pipes from ceilings or walls, allowing for slight movement and reducing stress on plumbing systems.
Close-coupled Toilet
A toilet design where the tank is directly attached to the bowl, creating a compact and unified unit.
Closet
A plumbing term for a toilet or water closet.
Closet Auger
A specialized tool used to remove clogs from toilet drains, featuring a flexible cable with a curved end.
Closet Bend
A curved pipe that connects the toilet to the drain line, allowing wastewater to flow into the sewer system.
Closet Flange
A fitting that secures a toilet to the floor and connects it to the drainpipe.
Cock
A valve used to control the flow of water or gas in a plumbing system.
Cock Hole Cover
A cover used to conceal unused holes in sinks or countertops, providing a clean finish.
Coffee Station
A designated area with plumbing connections for coffee makers and sinks, often found in offices or commercial spaces.
Cold Chisel
A hand tool used to cut or shape metal, often used in plumbing installations and repairs.
Combined or Combination Sewer
A sewer system that carries both wastewater and stormwater in the same pipe.
Commode
Another term for a toilet, often used interchangeably in residential plumbing.
Common Vent
A shared vent pipe that serves two or more fixtures, allowing proper airflow and preventing drainage issues.
Composite Material
A material made by combining two or more substances, commonly used for plumbing fixtures due to its strength and resistance to corrosion.
Compression Fitting
A plumbing fitting that creates a watertight seal by compressing a ring (ferrule) onto the pipe.
Compression Fittings
Plumbing connections that use compression rings and nuts to create a secure and leak-proof seal.
Compression Valve
A type of valve that controls water flow by compressing a washer against a seat to stop or allow water flow.
Console Lav
A sink mounted on legs or a console, with the plumbing exposed or partially concealed.
Copper
A metal commonly used in plumbing systems for its durability, resistance to corrosion, and antimicrobial properties.
Copper Pipe and Fittings
Piping and connections made of copper, widely used in water supply systems due to their reliability and ease of installation.
Copper Piping
A standard material for plumbing systems, used for water supply lines and refrigerant lines in HVAC systems.
Core Toilet Rooms
Restrooms located in central areas of buildings, often designed for shared use in commercial or public spaces.
Coupling
A short fitting used to connect two sections of pipe in a plumbing system.
CP (Finish)
A polished chrome finish applied to plumbing fixtures for a shiny, modern look.
CPVC (Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride)
A plastic material used for hot and cold water pipes, known for its heat resistance and durability.
Cross Connection
An unwanted connection between a potable water supply and a source of contamination, posing a backflow risk.
Culvert
A pipe or channel that allows water to flow under roads, driveways, or walkways, preventing erosion or flooding.
CW (Cold Water)
A plumbing abbreviation indicating a cold water supply line.
CWP (Cold Working Pressure)
The maximum pressure that a pipe or fitting can withstand at normal operating temperatures.
CWT (Copper Water Tube)
A standard term for copper tubing used in plumbing for water supply lines.
CxC (Copper x Copper)
A fitting designation indicating that both ends are designed to connect to copper pipes.
Cycle Time
The amount of time it takes for a plumbing fixture or appliance to complete a full operational cycle, such as a water heater or dishwasher.
D
Dam
A barrier constructed to control or hold back water, often used in plumbing to prevent flooding or direct water flow.
Desanco Fitting
A fitting that connects threaded pipes to slip joint pipes, commonly used in drainage applications.
Diaphragm
A flexible membrane in plumbing devices like valves or pumps, used to control or regulate flow and pressure.
Dip Tubes
A tube inside a water heater that directs cold water to the bottom of the tank for efficient heating.
Direct Tap
A connection made directly into a main water line to supply a secondary system or fixture.
Discharge Drain
The pipe that carries wastewater from a fixture or appliance to the main drainage system.
Discharge Tube
A tube that carries wastewater away from appliances such as dishwashers or sump pumps to the drainage system.
Dishwasher Air Gap
A device installed between the dishwasher and the sink drain to prevent backflow of dirty water into the dishwasher.
Dishwasher Tailpiece
A plumbing fitting connecting the dishwasher drain hose to the sink drain or garbage disposal.
Disposal Field
Part of a septic system, consisting of perforated pipes buried in the ground to disperse treated wastewater into the soil.
Diverter
A valve or mechanism that redirects water flow from one outlet to another, commonly used in shower systems.
Double Detector Check Valve
A backflow prevention device that has two check valves and a metering system to detect unauthorized water use.
Double Vent (See Relief Vent)
A plumbing vent pipe that serves two fixtures or connects to a main vent line.
Downspout Piping
Pipes attached to gutters that direct rainwater away from a building’s foundation.
Drain
A pipe or channel that removes wastewater or surface water from a fixture, appliance, or area.
Drain Piping Pitch (Slope)
The downward slope of a drainpipe that allows water to flow by gravity, typically 1/4 inch per foot.
Drain Tile System
A system of perforated pipes installed around a building’s foundation to collect and redirect groundwater away.
Drainage Fittings (Cast Iron)
Specialized cast iron fittings designed for use in gravity-fed drainage systems, providing durability and resistance to corrosion.
Drip Leg
A vertical pipe installed in a gas line to collect moisture or debris before it enters appliances.
Drop in Bath Tub
A bathtub designed to be installed in a deck or platform, with the rim resting on the surrounding surface.
Drop-in Anchor
A fastener installed in concrete to secure plumbing or HVAC components.
Drum Trap
An older type of plumbing trap with a cylindrical design, used to prevent sewer gases from entering buildings.
Drum Traps
Plural of drum trap, referring to multiple units or installations.
Dual-Flush
A toilet design with two flushing options, allowing users to conserve water by choosing a partial or full flush.
Duo Valve
A two-way valve used in plumbing to control the flow of water to two separate fixtures or lines.
Duplex Pumps (Ejector or House Pumps)
A pump system with two pumps operating alternately or simultaneously to handle high wastewater loads.
DWV (Drainage, Waste & Vent Systems)
A plumbing system that removes wastewater and vent gases while allowing proper air circulation to prevent siphoning.
Dynamic Pressure
The water pressure in a plumbing system while water is flowing, measured in pounds per square inch (PSI).
E
E Coli
A type of bacteria found in contaminated water or waste, indicating a potential health risk.
Earthquake Strap
A strap used to secure water heaters to walls, preventing movement during seismic activity.
Efficiency
The ratio of useful output to total input, often used to evaluate the performance of plumbing and HVAC systems.
Effluent
Treated wastewater discharged from a septic tank or treatment system into the environment.
Ejector Pits
Pits or basins that house ejector pumps to collect and lift wastewater from below-grade plumbing systems to the main sewer line.
Ejector Pumps
Pumps that move wastewater from lower elevations, such as basements, to higher drainage or sewer lines.
Elbow (Ell)
A pipe fitting used to change the direction of water flow, typically at a 45- or 90-degree angle.
Elevated Vacuum Breaker
A backflow prevention device installed at an elevated point to prevent siphoning of contaminants into potable water.
Elongated
A term used to describe a toilet bowl that is longer than standard round bowls, offering additional comfort.
Enamel
A smooth, durable coating applied to plumbing fixtures like sinks or bathtubs for protection and aesthetic appeal.
Energy Policy Act of 1992
A U.S. law that established water efficiency standards for plumbing fixtures to conserve water.
Energy Star
A government-backed certification for energy-efficient appliances, including water heaters and HVAC systems.
Epoxy Pipe Lining
A method of repairing pipes by coating the interior with epoxy to seal leaks and prevent corrosion.
Epoxy Pipe Restoration
A non-invasive technique for restoring old pipes by applying an epoxy lining to extend their lifespan.
Escutcheon
A decorative plate that covers the hole where plumbing pipes penetrate walls or floors, providing a clean appearance.
Expansion Tank
A tank installed in plumbing systems to absorb excess pressure caused by thermal expansion of water.
Express Riser
A vertical pipe in high-rise buildings that provides water supply or drainage directly between floors.
Extension Tailpiece
A length of pipe used to extend the connection between a fixture and the drain system.
Extra Heavy Soil Pipe
A type of cast iron pipe with thicker walls, used for high-pressure or heavy-duty drainage applications.
F
Fall (Flow)
The downward slope of a drainpipe, measured as the amount of drop per foot, ensuring water flows correctly by gravity.
Faucet
A device that controls the release of water from a plumbing system, commonly installed on sinks, bathtubs, and showers.
Faucet Screen
A small mesh filter installed in the faucet spout to prevent debris from flowing out with the water and reduce splashing.
Faucet Types
Various styles of faucets, such as single-handle, double-handle, wall-mounted, and touchless, designed for different applications and preferences.
Federal Plumbing Code
A set of nationwide regulations governing the design, installation, and maintenance of plumbing systems to ensure safety and efficiency.
Female Fitting
A pipe or fitting with internal threads designed to connect to a male fitting with external threads.
Fernco
A brand name often used generically to refer to flexible couplings that connect pipes of different materials or sizes.
FHT (Female Hose Threads)
Internal threading on a fitting designed to connect to male-threaded garden hoses or similar connections.
Fiberglass
A lightweight, durable material made from reinforced plastic and glass fibers, used for bathtubs, showers, and insulation.
Fill Valve
A toilet tank mechanism that controls water flow into the tank after a flush, maintaining the correct water level.
Finish Plumbing
The final phase of plumbing installation, involving the connection and setup of fixtures and appliances, such as sinks, toilets, and faucets.
FIP(S) (Female Iron Pipe Size)
A fitting with internal threads that connects to male-threaded iron pipes or components.
Fitting
A component, such as a coupling, elbow, or tee, used to connect sections of pipe or to change direction or size in a plumbing system.
Fixture
A device that uses water, such as a sink, toilet, shower, or bathtub, and is connected to the plumbing system.
Fixture Carriers
Mounting frames installed behind walls to support heavy plumbing fixtures, such as wall-mounted toilets or sinks.
Fixture Units (Drainage)
A measurement system used to calculate the load on a drainage system based on the type and number of fixtures.
Fixture Units (Supply)
A similar measurement system to determine the water supply needs of a plumbing system, factoring in the demand of each fixture.
Flapper
A rubber or plastic component in a toilet tank that lifts during flushing to release water into the bowl and seals to refill.
Flapper Valve
Another term for the toilet flapper, responsible for controlling water flow during a flush.
Float Ball
A buoyant ball in a toilet tank attached to the fill valve, rising and falling with the water level to regulate refilling.
Float Valve
A valve operated by a float ball, used to control water flow in tanks or cisterns to maintain a set water level.
Floor Cleanouts
Access points in a floor drain system that allow plumbers to clear blockages and maintain the pipes.
Floor Drains
Drains installed in floors, typically in basements, garages, or showers, to remove surface water or wastewater.
Floor Flange
A fitting that secures plumbing fixtures, such as toilets, to the floor and connects them to the drainage system.
Floor Sinks
Recessed fixtures in the floor that collect wastewater from appliances and fixtures, directing it into the drainage system.
Flush Valve
A device in toilets or urinals that releases water to flush waste into the drainage system.
Flushometer
A high-pressure flushing device commonly used in commercial toilets and urinals to deliver a quick and efficient flush.
Flushometer Tank System
A combination of a flushometer valve and a tank, designed to provide consistent flushing performance.
Flushometer Valve
A type of valve used in flushometer systems to regulate the release of water for flushing.
Flux
A chemical used in soldering to clean and prepare metal surfaces for joining, ensuring a strong, leak-proof seal.
FNPT (Female National Pipe Thread Taper)
Internal threading that follows the National Pipe Thread (NPT) standards, used to connect pipes and fittings.
Footprint
The floor area covered by a plumbing fixture or appliance, such as a bathtub or water heater.
French Drain
A trench filled with gravel and perforated pipe, designed to redirect water away from foundations or low-lying areas.
Friction (Water Piping)
The resistance water encounters as it flows through pipes, causing pressure loss.
Friction Clamps/Riser Clamps
Clamps used to support vertical pipes, minimizing movement and maintaining proper alignment.
Friction Loss
The reduction in water pressure caused by friction as water flows through pipes, fittings, or valves.
Frost Proof Hose Bibbs or Sillcocks
Outdoor faucets designed to prevent freezing by shutting off water flow inside the wall, away from cold temperatures.
FSWT (Female Sweat Connection)
A fitting with a smooth interior designed for soldering to copper pipes.
Futures (Vent, Water, and Waste)
Pre-installed stubs or connections left for future plumbing fixtures or systems, such as additional bathrooms or appliances.
FVIR (Flammable Vapor Ignition Resistant)
A safety feature in water heaters that prevents the ignition of flammable vapors near the unit.
G
G.P.M. (Gallons Per Minute)
A measure of water flow rate, indicating how many gallons pass through a fixture or pipe per minute.
Gallons Per Flush (GPF)
The amount of water used per flush in a toilet, regulated by efficiency standards.
Gallons Per Minute (GPM)
The water flow rate measured in gallons per minute, commonly used for faucets, showerheads, and pumps.
Galvanized Steel (Piping)
Steel pipes coated with zinc to prevent corrosion, often used in older plumbing systems.
Garbage Disposals
Devices installed under sinks to grind food waste into small particles for easy disposal through the drainage system.
Gas Cock
A valve that controls the flow of gas to appliances, such as stoves or water heaters.
Gas Control
A mechanism in gas-powered appliances that regulates the flow and ignition of gas for safe operation.
Gas Piping
Pipes used to transport natural gas or propane to appliances and systems in residential or commercial settings.
Gate
A valve or mechanism used to regulate or stop the flow of water, gas, or other fluids in plumbing systems.
Gate Diverter
A type of valve that directs water flow between two outlets, such as a showerhead and tub spout.
Gate Valves
Valves that use a gate or wedge to stop or regulate flow, commonly used in water supply lines.
General Liability Insurance (GL Insurance)
An insurance policy that protects plumbing businesses against claims of property damage or injury caused by their work.
GPF (Gallons Per Flush)
See “Gallons Per Flush.”
GPH (Gallons Per Hour)
A measure of water flow rate, indicating how many gallons pass through a system per hour.
GPM (Gallons Per Minute)
See “Gallons Per Minute.”
Gravity Operated Toilet
A toilet that uses the force of gravity to flush waste into the drainage system, relying on water weight for effectiveness.
Gravity Sewers
Sewer systems that rely on gravity to transport wastewater through sloped pipes to treatment facilities.
Gravity-fed Toilets
Toilets that use gravity to empty the bowl and refill the tank without additional mechanical assistance.
Gray Water
Relatively clean wastewater from sinks, showers, and washing machines, which can be reused for irrigation or other non-potable purposes.
Gray Water Waste Pipe System
A separate plumbing system designed to collect and transport gray water for reuse or disposal.
Grease Traps or Grease Separator
Devices installed in drainage systems to capture grease and solid waste, preventing them from clogging pipes or entering sewer systems.
Green Plumbing
Environmentally friendly plumbing practices that focus on water conservation, energy efficiency, and sustainable materials.
H
H.P. (Horse Power)
A unit of power used to measure the performance of pumps, motors, or other mechanical devices in plumbing and HVAC systems.
H.T. (Hose Threads)
External threading on a fitting designed to connect to garden hoses or similar flexible connections.
Hair Separator or Hair Trap
A device installed in drains to capture hair and prevent clogs in pipes.
Hand Held Shower with Slide Bar
A showerhead attached to a flexible hose and mounted on an adjustable bar, allowing the user to change its height or position.
Hand or Sink Auger
A manual tool used to clear clogs in sinks or small drains, consisting of a flexible cable with a handle.
Handshower
A showerhead connected to a flexible hose, allowing for handheld use.
Hard Water
Water that contains high levels of minerals, such as calcium and magnesium, which can cause scaling in pipes and fixtures.
Head
The height of water in a system or tank, used to measure pressure or flow potential in plumbing systems.
Head Pressure
The pressure created by the height of water in a system, often used to evaluate pump performance.
Heat Exchanger
A device used to transfer heat between two fluids or systems without mixing them, commonly used in water heaters or HVAC systems.
Heat Traps
Devices or features in plumbing systems that prevent heat loss by stopping the flow of hot water in pipes when not in use.
High Efficiency Toilet (HET)
A toilet designed to use less water per flush, typically 1.28 gallons or less, to conserve water.
High Efficiency Urinal (HEU)
A urinal that uses significantly less water per flush, often 0.5 gallons or less, or operates without water entirely.
Hoar Frost
A thin layer of frost that forms on cold surfaces, often seen on plumbing components exposed to freezing temperatures.
Horizontal Branch
A section of drainage piping that connects multiple fixtures to a main horizontal or vertical pipe.
Horizontal Run
A horizontal segment of piping, typically in a drainage or water supply system.
Hose
A flexible tube used to convey water or other fluids, often connected to faucets or plumbing systems.
Hose Bibb
An outdoor faucet with threading for connecting garden hoses, also known as a spigot or sillcock.
Hose Bibbs or Sillcocks
Plural term for outdoor faucets, commonly used for garden and irrigation purposes.
Hot Tap
A method of connecting to an existing pressurized pipe without shutting down the system.
Hot Water Return Piping
A system of pipes used to return unused hot water back to the water heater, reducing water waste.
Houdee
A flange or ring used to mount a sink to a countertop or to provide a finished edge around the sink opening.
House Drain
The main horizontal drainpipe inside a building that collects wastewater from fixtures and directs it to the house sewer.
House Pumps
Pumps installed in residential plumbing systems to boost water pressure or handle wastewater in below-grade locations.
House Sewer
The pipe that connects a building’s drainage system to the municipal sewer or private septic system.
House Trap
A U-shaped fitting installed in the house drain to prevent sewer gases from entering the building.
Hub and Spigot Soil Pipe
A type of cast iron pipe with a bell-shaped hub on one end for joining sections with lead or rubber gaskets.
Hubless (No-Hub)
A type of pipe connection that uses a coupling instead of a bell-shaped hub, common in modern cast iron plumbing.
HW (Hot Water)
A plumbing abbreviation indicating a hot water supply line.
Hydraulic Pressure
The pressure exerted by a fluid in motion or at rest, crucial for evaluating water flow in plumbing systems.
Hydronic
A heating or cooling system that uses water or another liquid as the heat transfer medium, often seen in radiant floor heating.
I
I.D. (Inside Diameter)
The measurement of the interior width of a pipe, used to determine flow capacity.
IAPMO Plumbing Code (The International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials)
A widely recognized set of plumbing and mechanical standards developed by IAPMO to ensure safety and efficiency.
Ice Maker
An appliance or component in refrigerators that produces ice, typically requiring a dedicated water supply line.
Indirect Waste Pipe
A drainage pipe that discharges wastewater into another system or receptacle without a direct connection, preventing backflow.
Indirect Wastes
Wastewater from sources like dishwashers or ice makers, which drains indirectly into the plumbing system.
Instantaneous Water Heaters
Also known as tankless water heaters, these devices heat water on demand without storing it in a tank.
International Plumbing Code (IPC)
A comprehensive set of regulations for plumbing installations and maintenance, adopted in many regions for consistency and safety.
Invert
The lowest point on the interior of a pipe, crucial for determining flow and slope in drainage systems.
Invert Elevation
The vertical height of the invert, measured from a reference point, used to ensure proper slope in plumbing design.
IPS (Iron Pipe Size)
A standard measurement for pipe diameters, commonly used for threaded metal pipes.
IPT (Iron Pipe Thread)
A threading standard for iron pipes, ensuring compatibility between threaded fittings.
Iron Filter Tank
A tank in water filtration systems that removes iron and other minerals from the water supply.
Island Vent
A venting method for plumbing fixtures located on islands or peninsulas, using a loop vent to maintain airflow.
Isolation Valves
Valves installed to shut off water flow to specific sections of a plumbing system for maintenance or repair.
J
J-Hooks
Pipe support hooks shaped like the letter “J,” used to hang or secure pipes to walls, ceilings, or beams.
Jet
A stream of water or air forced through a small opening, often used in whirlpools, tubs, or cleaning equipment.
Johnni-bolts
Bolts used to secure a toilet flange to the floor, ensuring the toilet is securely mounted.
Journeyman
A licensed professional plumber who has completed an apprenticeship and has the skills to work independently on plumbing systems.
K
Kafer Fitting
A specific type of plumbing fitting used for specialized applications, typically in industrial systems (less common in residential plumbing).
Kitchen Sink Faucet with a Pull-Out Spray
A faucet design that includes a detachable spray head attached to a hose, allowing for flexible water flow control.
Knockout Plug
A removable section of a plumbing fixture or component, allowing for future connections or expansions.
L
Lavatories
Bathroom sinks or washbasins designed for handwashing and grooming.
Lavatory (Lav)
A single bathroom sink, often used in residential or commercial plumbing terminology.
Leach
The process of water or other liquids seeping into the surrounding soil, often used in the context of leach fields or septic systems.
Leach Field
A network of perforated pipes buried in the ground, used to disperse treated wastewater from a septic system into the soil.
Lead
A heavy metal once commonly used in plumbing pipes, now banned for potable water systems due to health risks.
Lead and Copper Rule (LCR)
A U.S. regulation that limits the amount of lead and copper allowed in drinking water to protect public health.
Lead Flashings
Sheets of lead used to seal roof penetrations, such as around vent pipes, to prevent water leaks.
Lead Pan
A waterproof lining made of lead, traditionally used in shower floors or as a base for other plumbing fixtures.
Lead Pick
A tool used to shape or manipulate lead in plumbing applications.
Lead Pot and Ladle
Equipment used to melt and pour lead, often for sealing joints in older cast iron pipe systems.
Lead Water Services
Old water supply lines made of lead, now being replaced due to health concerns.
Lead-free
Refers to plumbing components with less than 0.25% lead content, meeting modern safety standards for potable water.
Leader
A vertical pipe or downspout that carries rainwater from a roof to the ground or drainage system.
Licensed, Insured, and Bonded
A term indicating that a plumber or contractor has the proper credentials, liability insurance, and surety bonds to ensure compliance and financial protection.
Liquid Waste
Wastewater or other liquid byproducts from residential, commercial, or industrial sources, often requiring proper treatment and disposal.
Lock Nut
A threaded nut used to secure plumbing connections or fixtures in place.
Loop Vent
A type of venting system that forms a loop to maintain proper air circulation and prevent drainage issues in fixtures without direct wall vents.
Low-flow
Refers to plumbing fixtures designed to use less water, such as toilets, faucets, and showerheads, for conservation purposes.
LWCO (Low Water Cut Off)
A safety device in boilers or water heaters that shuts off the system when water levels drop below a safe operating point.
M
Main
The primary water supply or drainage pipe in a plumbing system that distributes water or carries waste to secondary lines.
Main drainpipe
The largest horizontal pipe in a building’s drainage system, responsible for carrying waste to the sewer or septic system.
Main Line
The principal water supply or sewer pipe connecting a building to the municipal water or sewer system.
Main Pipe
A general term for the primary pipe in a water or drainage system that serves as the central source for distribution.
Male Threads
External threading on a pipe or fitting that connects to a female-threaded counterpart.
Malleable Fittings
Fittings made of malleable iron, known for their ability to flex slightly under pressure, reducing the risk of cracks.
Man Hole
An access opening in a sewer system, providing entry for maintenance and inspection.
Manifold
A plumbing component with multiple outlets, used to distribute water to different fixtures or areas.
MaP Testing
Maximum Performance Testing, a standardized test that measures the flushing power of toilets, ensuring they meet performance criteria.
Master Plumber
A licensed plumber with advanced training and experience, authorized to design, install, and oversee complex plumbing systems.
Mechanical Joints
Connections in plumbing systems that use bolts, gaskets, or other mechanical means rather than welding or soldering.
Mechanicals
The plumbing, HVAC, and electrical systems within a building, often grouped together in construction planning.
Mechanics Lien
A legal claim a contractor or plumber can place on a property for unpaid services or materials.
Metered Toilets (or Metered Flush)
Toilets with a flushing mechanism that releases a set amount of water, commonly found in commercial settings to conserve water.
MHT (Male Hose Threads)
External threading designed to connect to female-threaded garden hoses or similar fittings.
Mini-Widespread Faucet
A smaller version of a widespread faucet, with handles and spout mounted separately, typically for compact sinks.
MIP(s) (Male Pipe Threads)
External threads on a pipe or fitting that connect to female-threaded components.
Mixing Valve
A valve that blends hot and cold water to achieve a desired temperature for faucets or showers.
Molded Stone
A durable, synthetic material used for sinks and countertops, made by molding crushed stone with resin.
Multi-Stage Pump
A pump with multiple impellers to increase pressure, commonly used in water supply systems for high-rise buildings.
N
National Plumbing Code
A set of regulations and guidelines for plumbing systems, ensuring safety and efficiency in construction and operation.
National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWRs or primary standards)
U.S. regulations that set the maximum contaminant levels for drinking water to ensure public health and safety.
Nipples
Short lengths of pipe with threading on both ends, used to connect fittings or extend piping.
No Hub Soil Pipe
A type of cast iron pipe without a hub, connected using no-hub couplings.
No-Hub Connector
A coupling used to join no-hub soil pipes, typically consisting of a rubber sleeve and a stainless steel clamp.
Nominal
A term referring to the approximate size of a pipe or fitting, not necessarily its exact measurements.
NPS (National Pipe Straight Threads Standard)
A threading standard for straight pipe threads that form a seal with a gasket or O-ring.
NPSM (National Pipe Straight Mechanical)
A threading standard for mechanical applications, ensuring compatibility of straight pipe threads.
NPT (National Pipe Tapered Threads Standard)
A threading standard for tapered pipe threads, commonly used for plumbing connections to ensure a tight seal.
NSF (National Sanitation Foundation)
An organization that sets health and safety standards for food, water, and consumer products, including plumbing components.
NSF/ANSI Standard 60
A certification standard for chemicals used to treat drinking water, ensuring they are safe and effective.
NSF/ANSI Standard 61
A certification standard for plumbing components, ensuring they do not leach harmful substances into drinking water.
O
O-Ring
A rubber or elastomeric ring used to create a watertight seal in plumbing connections.
O.D. (Outside Diameter)
The measurement of the exterior width of a pipe, important for fitting and sizing.
Oakum
A fiber material used in conjunction with lead to seal joints in cast iron pipes.
OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer)
Refers to components or parts made by the original manufacturer of a product or system.
One-Piece Toilet
A toilet where the tank and bowl are molded into a single unit, simplifying installation and cleaning.
Outdoor Faucet
A faucet installed on the exterior of a building, typically used for garden hoses or irrigation.
Outlet Sewer
The sewer pipe that connects a building’s drainage system to the municipal sewer or septic system.
Ovality
The degree to which a pipe or fitting is out of a perfectly circular shape, which can affect its performance.
Overflow
A safety feature in sinks, bathtubs, or toilets that prevents water from spilling over by redirecting it to the drain.
Overflow Roof Drains
Drains installed on flat roofs to remove excess water when the primary drain system cannot handle the volume.
Overflow Tube
A tube in a toilet tank that prevents overflow by directing excess water into the bowl or drain.
P
P-trap
A curved pipe installed under sinks and other plumbing fixtures to trap water, preventing sewer gases from entering the building.
Packing
A material, often rubber or graphite, used to create a watertight or airtight seal in valves and faucets.
Packing Nut
A threaded nut that compresses the packing material to create a seal in a faucet or valve.
PB (Polybutylene or Polished Brass)
A term that can refer to polybutylene, a type of plastic piping used in older plumbing systems, or polished brass, a finish for plumbing fixtures.
PE (Polyethylene)
A lightweight plastic material used in plumbing for water supply pipes and drainage systems due to its flexibility and durability.
Peak Hour Demand
The highest water usage period in a plumbing system, used for sizing pipes and fixtures.
Performance-based Product Standards
Standards that ensure plumbing products meet specific performance criteria rather than just adhering to design specifications.
PEX (Piping)
A flexible, durable type of plastic piping used for water supply lines, known for its ease of installation and resistance to freezing.
pH
A measure of acidity or alkalinity in water, with values below 7 being acidic, above 7 alkaline, and 7 neutral.
PHCC (Plumbing Heating Cooling Contractors Association)
A trade organization representing professionals in the plumbing, heating, and cooling industries.
Pilot Light
A small, continuously burning flame in gas appliances, such as water heaters, used to ignite the main burner.
Pipe Bursting
A trenchless method of replacing old or damaged pipes by breaking them apart while simultaneously installing new pipes.
Pipe Dope
A sealing compound applied to pipe threads to prevent leaks in plumbing connections.
Pipe Threads
The helical ridges on pipes and fittings that allow them to screw together for a secure connection.
Pipes
Hollow cylindrical components used to transport water, gas, or waste in plumbing systems.
Pitch
The slope or incline of a drainpipe, ensuring proper flow of water and waste.
Plumb
A term meaning perfectly vertical, often used in plumbing to ensure pipes and fixtures are aligned correctly.
Plumber
A skilled tradesperson who installs, repairs, and maintains plumbing systems in residential, commercial, or industrial settings.
Plumber’s Putty
A soft, pliable sealant used to create watertight seals around sinks, faucets, and drains.
Plumbing Fixtures
Devices such as sinks, toilets, bathtubs, and faucets connected to the plumbing system.
Plumbing Manufacturers International (PMI)
An organization representing plumbing product manufacturers, promoting water efficiency and sustainable practices.
Plumbing Tree
A configuration of pipes resembling a tree, with a main trunk (main pipe) and smaller branches (secondary pipes) supplying fixtures.
Plumbing Valve
A device used to control the flow of water or other fluids in a plumbing system.
Plunger
A tool used to clear blockages in drains or toilets by creating suction and pressure.
POC (Point of Connection)
The location where a fixture or appliance connects to the plumbing system.
Polybutylene
A type of plastic piping used in plumbing systems from the 1970s to the 1990s, later discontinued due to durability issues.
Pop-Up Assembly
A mechanism in sinks and lavatories that allows the drain to be opened or closed with a lever or knob.
Pop-Up Drain
A type of drain that opens and closes via a lever or push-button mechanism.
Porcelain
A ceramic material used in plumbing fixtures like sinks and toilets, valued for its durability and smooth finish.
Porcelain Enamel
A glass-like coating fused to metal surfaces, providing a durable, stain-resistant finish for plumbing fixtures.
Port
An opening in a valve, pipe, or fitting through which water or other fluids flow.
Positive Displacement Pump
A pump that moves a fixed amount of fluid with each cycle, often used in water systems requiring consistent pressure.
Potable
Safe for human consumption, often used to describe water that meets health and safety standards.
Potable Water
Water that is treated and safe for drinking, cooking, and other domestic uses.
Power Flush System
A toilet flushing mechanism that uses pressurized air or water to achieve a more powerful flush with less water.
Power Vent
A ventilation system in gas water heaters that uses a fan to exhaust gases through a vent pipe.
PPM (Parts per Million)
A unit of measurement for the concentration of substances in water, such as contaminants or minerals.
PR (Pressure Regulator)
A device used to reduce and maintain water pressure within a plumbing system to protect fixtures and pipes.
Prescriptive Product Standards
Standards requiring plumbing products to meet specific design criteria, as opposed to performance-based standards.
Pressure Balance Valve
A valve that maintains consistent water temperature by adjusting to changes in water pressure.
Pressure Gauge
A device that measures the pressure in a plumbing system, typically in pounds per square inch (PSI).
Pressure Tank
A tank in a water system that stores pressurized water, helping to maintain consistent pressure and reduce pump cycling.
Pressure Tubing
Thin-walled pipes designed to handle pressurized water or fluids in plumbing systems.
Pressure-assisted Toilets
Toilets that use pressurized air to enhance flushing power, reducing water usage while improving efficiency.
Pressure-balancing Valve
A valve that regulates water pressure to prevent sudden changes in temperature, often used in shower systems.
Priming Jet
A small opening in toilets that directs water into the bowl to improve flushing efficiency.
Private Sewer
A sewer line maintained by a property owner, serving one or more buildings on private land.
Product Standards
Specifications that plumbing products must meet to ensure safety, reliability, and efficiency.
Proposition 65
A California law requiring disclosure of products containing chemicals known to cause cancer or reproductive harm.
Proximity Valves
Valves that operate automatically based on proximity sensors, often used in touchless faucets or fixtures.
PRV (Pressure Reducing Valve)
A valve that reduces incoming water pressure to a safe and manageable level for a building’s plumbing system.
PSI (Pounds per Square Inch)
A unit of pressure measurement used to evaluate water or gas pressure in plumbing systems.
Public Sewer
A sewer line maintained by a municipality, serving multiple buildings and properties.
Pull Out Spray
A faucet design with a detachable spray head and hose, commonly used in kitchen sinks for flexible water control.
PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride)
A durable plastic material widely used for pipes and fittings in plumbing systems, known for its lightweight and corrosion resistance.
PVD (Physical Vapor Deposition)
A process used to apply durable, decorative finishes to plumbing fixtures, such as faucets and handles.
PVD Finishes
Coatings created using PVD technology, offering scratch-resistant, long-lasting finishes for plumbing components.
Q
R
Rain Barrel
A container used to collect and store rainwater from roofs, often connected to downspouts, for non-potable uses like irrigation.
Rate of Flow
The volume of water moving through a pipe or fixture over time, typically measured in gallons per minute (GPM).
Rated Storage Volume
The amount of water a storage tank or water heater can hold, measured in gallons, indicating its capacity.
Reamer
A tool used to smooth or enlarge the inside of pipes after cutting, ensuring a proper fit for fittings or connections.
Recovery Capacity
The amount of hot water a water heater can produce in one hour, indicating its efficiency and ability to meet demand.
Reducer
A fitting used to connect pipes of different diameters, allowing for transitions in plumbing systems.
Refill Tube
A small tube in a toilet tank that refills the bowl with water after a flush.
Relief Vent
A vent pipe connected to a drainage system that helps maintain proper airflow and prevent pressure buildup.
Reset Button (Garbage Disposal)
A safety mechanism on garbage disposals that resets the motor after an overload or jam.
Return Circulation System
A plumbing system that circulates hot water back to the water heater, ensuring instant hot water at fixtures.
Revent
A secondary vent pipe that connects to the main vent or vent stack, allowing proper airflow in a drainage system.
Reverse Trap Water Closet
A toilet design where water enters the bowl from the rim and trapway to improve flushing efficiency.
Rigid Pipe
Hard, inflexible pipes used in plumbing systems, such as copper, PVC, or galvanized steel.
Rim Holes
Small openings around the rim of a toilet bowl that release water during flushing to clean the bowl.
Riser
A vertical pipe that delivers water or drainage between floors in a building.
Roof Drain
A drain installed on a roof to remove rainwater, directing it to the drainage system.
Roof Flashing
A material, often metal or rubber, used to seal roof penetrations around pipes or vents to prevent water leaks.
Rough-In
The initial stage of plumbing installation where pipes and fittings are placed but fixtures are not yet installed.
Rough-In Dimensions
The measurements required for positioning pipes and fittings during the rough-in phase to ensure proper fixture alignment.
Round Front
A toilet bowl design that is more compact and shorter than an elongated bowl, saving space in smaller bathrooms.
Run
The horizontal distance or length of a pipe or plumbing system between two points.
S
Saddle Valve
A valve that clamps onto an existing pipe, creating a connection for a small water supply line, commonly used for ice makers or humidifiers.
Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
A U.S. law enacted to protect public drinking water supplies by setting quality standards for water treatment and distribution.
Sanitary Fitting
A plumbing fitting designed to ensure hygienic conditions by providing smooth, easy-to-clean surfaces and reducing the risk of contamination.
Sanitary Sewer
An underground pipe system designed to transport wastewater from homes and businesses to treatment facilities.
Sanitary Sewer System
A network of pipes, manholes, and pumps that collect and transport sewage to a treatment facility.
Schedule (SCH)
A classification system for pipe wall thickness, such as SCH 40 or SCH 80, used to indicate pressure tolerance and durability.
SDR (Standard Dimension Ratio)
A ratio of a pipe’s diameter to its wall thickness, used to classify plastic pipes for strength and pressure handling.
Self-Rimming Sink
A sink with a rim that rests on the countertop, making installation easier and providing a finished look.
Septic Field
An area of soil and perforated pipes where wastewater from a septic tank is dispersed for natural treatment.
Septic System
A private wastewater treatment system consisting of a septic tank and a drain field, typically used in areas without municipal sewers.
Septic Tank
An underground tank that holds and treats wastewater by allowing solids to settle and bacteria to break down organic matter.
Service Entrance
The point where a building’s plumbing or electrical systems connect to the utility provider’s main supply.
Setting
The installation of plumbing fixtures or components in their final positions during the construction or finishing phase.
Sewage
Wastewater and solid waste from homes and businesses, transported through sanitary sewers for treatment.
Sewage Ejector Pump
A pump that lifts wastewater from lower levels, such as basements, to higher sewer lines or drainage systems.
Sewer
A pipe system that carries wastewater and sewage to a treatment facility or disposal site.
Sewer Connection
The point where a building’s drainage system connects to the municipal or private sewer system.
Shroud
A decorative cover used to conceal plumbing components, such as pipes under sinks or toilets.
Shutoff Valve
A valve used to stop water flow to a specific fixture or section of the plumbing system for maintenance or emergencies.
Sink Basin
The bowl of a sink where water collects before draining, typically made of materials like porcelain, stainless steel, or composite.
Sink Plunger
A tool with a rubber cup on a handle, used to clear clogs in sink drains by creating suction and pressure.
Siphon Break
A device or design feature that prevents backflow in a plumbing system by breaking the siphon action.
Siphon-Vortex Water Closet
A toilet design that uses a combination of siphoning and vortex action to flush waste efficiently.
Siphoning
The process of water flowing backward or being drawn into a pipe due to pressure differences, potentially causing contamination.
Sleeve
A protective covering or pipe that encases another pipe, often used to allow movement or protect against wear.
Slip Joint
A plumbing connection that uses a nut and washer to create a watertight seal, allowing for easy disassembly and adjustment.
SN (Satin Nickel)
A brushed nickel finish commonly used for plumbing fixtures, offering a sleek and durable surface.
Soil Pipe
A pipe that carries wastewater or sewage from toilets and other fixtures to the sewer or septic system.
Soil Stack
The main vertical pipe in a drainage system, carrying waste from branch pipes to the sewer or septic system.
Solar Water Heater
A system that uses solar panels to heat water, providing an energy-efficient alternative to traditional water heaters.
Solder
A metal alloy used to join pipes and fittings by melting and creating a watertight seal.
Spigot
The plain, unthreaded end of a pipe or a term used to refer to outdoor faucets.
Spud
A short threaded fitting that connects a toilet tank to the bowl or other plumbing components.
SPxS (Spigot by Slip)
A pipe connection type where one end fits into another pipe (spigot) and the other slides into a fitting (slip).
Stack
A vertical pipe in a plumbing system, carrying waste, venting air, or supplying water between floors.
Stand Pipe
A vertical pipe used for drainage or as an outlet for washing machines and similar appliances.
Static Lift
The vertical distance a pump must lift water, affecting the pump’s performance and energy use.
Static Pressure
The pressure in a plumbing system when water is not flowing, measured in pounds per square inch (PSI).
Stop Valve
A valve that controls water flow to individual fixtures or appliances, commonly used for localized shutoff.
Storm Water Sewer System
A separate sewer system designed to collect and carry rainwater runoff away from streets and buildings.
Straight Cross
A plumbing fitting with four openings in a straight, cross-shaped configuration, used to connect multiple pipes.
Straight Stop
A small shutoff valve with a straight design, commonly used under sinks or toilets to control water flow.
Straight Stop Valve
Another term for a straight stop, used to isolate water flow to specific fixtures for repairs or maintenance.
Street Elbow
An elbow-shaped fitting with one male-threaded end and one female-threaded end, used to change pipe direction.
Sub-Soil Drain
A drainage system installed below the surface to remove groundwater, protecting foundations and reducing flooding.
Sump
A pit or basin designed to collect water, often located in basements or crawl spaces.
Sump Pump
A pump used to remove water from a sump pit, preventing flooding in basements or low-lying areas.
Supply Line
A pipe or hose that delivers water from the main supply to fixtures or appliances.
Suspended Solids
Particles or debris in water or sewage that do not dissolve, often requiring filtration or treatment.
Sweating
A term used for soldering pipes or fittings, where heat melts solder to create a secure and watertight connection.
T
T & P Valve (Temperature and Pressure)
A safety valve installed on water heaters to release water when the temperature or pressure exceeds safe limits.
T-Bolt
A bolt shaped like the letter “T,” commonly used to secure toilets to the floor.
Tail Pipe
A pipe or tube connected to a plumbing fixture that carries water or waste to the drain system.
Tailpiece
The straight pipe section connecting a sink or fixture to a trap or drain.
Tank
The reservoir in a toilet or water heater used to store water for flushing or heating.
Tank Ball
A rubber or plastic ball in older toilet tanks that seals the flush valve and regulates water flow.
Tank Bolts
Bolts used to secure the toilet tank to the bowl, ensuring a watertight connection.
Tank Cover Lock
A locking mechanism used to secure the lid of a toilet tank, preventing unauthorized access.
Tank Cross
A fitting with four openings, used to connect multiple pipes to a water storage tank.
Tankless Water Heater
A water heater that heats water on demand without storing it in a tank, providing energy efficiency and space savings.
Tap
A valve or faucet that controls water flow, commonly used in kitchens, bathrooms, and outdoor applications.
Tap Tee
A fitting that allows a branch line to connect to an existing pipe, often used for adding fixtures or appliances.
Tee
A T-shaped fitting with three openings, used to connect three pipes or branch a line.
Teflon Tape
A thin, flexible tape used to seal pipe threads and prevent leaks, also known as plumber’s tape.
Tempered
Water that has been mixed to achieve a safe, moderate temperature, typically by blending hot and cold water.
Tempering Valves
Valves that mix hot and cold water to maintain a consistent and safe temperature, commonly used in showers and sinks.
Thermal Expansion
The increase in water volume as it heats up, which can cause pressure buildup in a plumbing system.
Thermal Shock
A sudden temperature change in water that can cause discomfort or damage to pipes and fixtures.
Thermocouple
A safety device in gas appliances that shuts off the gas supply if the pilot light goes out.
Thermostatic Mixing Valves
Valves that automatically adjust the water temperature by mixing hot and cold water, maintaining a consistent output.
Thermostatic Valve
A valve that uses a thermostat to control water temperature, commonly used in showers or hot water systems.
Thread Sealant (Liquid)
A liquid compound applied to pipe threads to create a watertight and airtight seal in plumbing connections.
Thread Sealant (Tape)
A tape, such as Teflon tape, used to seal threaded pipe joints and prevent leaks.
Through-The-Floor
A plumbing design where pipes or fixtures are installed through the floor rather than the wall.
Thumb Nut
A small nut that can be tightened or loosened by hand without tools, often used in plumbing fixtures.
Thumb Screw
A screw with a knurled head for manual adjustment, commonly used in plumbing and hardware applications.
Tile-In
A sink or tub installation method where the fixture is recessed into a tiled surface for a seamless look.
Toilet Plunger
A plunger designed specifically for unclogging toilet drains, featuring a flange that fits into the toilet bowl.
Toilet Setting Compound
A pliable sealant used to create a watertight seal between the toilet base and the floor.
Toilets
Plumbing fixtures used for disposing of human waste, available in various designs such as gravity-fed, pressure-assisted, and dual-flush.
Torque Wrench
A tool used to apply precise torque to bolts or fittings, ensuring they are tightened to specifications without damage.
Touchless Faucet
A faucet with a motion sensor that activates water flow without the need for manual operation, promoting hygiene and water conservation.
TPI (Threads per Inch)
A measurement indicating the number of threads per inch on a pipe or fitting, used to determine compatibility.
Transfer Valve
A valve that redirects water flow between two or more outlets, commonly used in shower systems.
Trap
A U-shaped or S-shaped pipe designed to hold water and prevent sewer gases from entering a building.
Trap Arm
The horizontal section of pipe between a fixture’s trap and the vent or drainage system.
Trap Dip
The lowest point of a trap where water collects, forming a seal to block sewer gases.
Trap Primer
A device that adds water to a trap periodically to ensure the trap seal remains intact and does not dry out.
Trap Seal
The water held in a trap that creates a barrier to prevent sewer gases from escaping.
Trap Weir
The highest point of a trap’s water seal, where water overflows into the drainpipe.
Trapway
The passage in a toilet bowl that directs waste to the drain system.
Trip Arm
A lever in a toilet tank connected to the trip lever, used to activate the flushing mechanism.
Trip Chain
A chain in a toilet tank that connects the trip lever to the flapper or tank ball.
Trip Lever
A lever on the outside of a toilet tank that operates the flushing mechanism when pressed.
Tube
A hollow cylindrical component used in plumbing systems for transporting water, gas, or waste.
Two-piece Toilet
A toilet with a separate tank and bowl that are bolted together during installation.
U
ULF (Ultra-Low Flush)
Toilets designed to use 1.6 gallons per flush or less, conserving water compared to traditional models.
Ultra-low-flow
Plumbing fixtures like faucets or showerheads designed to use minimal water while maintaining functionality, reducing water waste.
UNC, UC, or NC (Unified National Coarse Thread)
A standard for coarse-threaded fasteners, commonly used in plumbing connections.
UNF, UF, or NF (Unified National Fine Thread)
A threading standard for fine-threaded fasteners, used for precision connections in plumbing systems.
Uni-flex
Flexible water supply lines that can connect fixtures like faucets or toilets to the main water supply.
Union
A plumbing fitting that allows easy disconnection of pipes or fixtures for maintenance or repairs.
Universal Design
A design philosophy ensuring plumbing fixtures are accessible and usable by all individuals, including those with disabilities.
Urinals
Plumbing fixtures designed for the disposal of urine, commonly used in commercial or public restrooms.
Usable Storage
The amount of water or space available for use in a tank, reservoir, or system, excluding non-functional areas.
V
Vacuum Breaker
A device that prevents backflow by allowing air into the plumbing system when a vacuum forms, protecting the potable water supply.
Valve
A device that controls the flow or pressure of water, gas, or other fluids in a plumbing system.
Valve Seat
The surface against which a valve closes to stop the flow of water or gas, ensuring a tight seal.
Vanity
A bathroom cabinet or furniture piece that supports a sink and provides storage space beneath it.
Velocity
The speed at which water or other fluids flow through pipes, measured in feet per second (fps).
Vent
A pipe in a plumbing system that allows air to enter and gases to exit, ensuring proper drainage and preventing siphoning.
Vent Header
A horizontal pipe that connects individual vent pipes to the vent stack.
Vent Stack
The main vertical vent pipe in a plumbing system that extends through the roof, providing ventilation for the entire system.
Vent System
A network of pipes in a plumbing system that maintains proper air pressure and prevents sewer gases from entering a building.
Venturi
A narrowing in a pipe or fitting that increases fluid velocity and decreases pressure, often used in plumbing and HVAC systems.
Viscosity
A measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow, affecting its movement through pipes.
Vitreous
A smooth, glass-like finish often applied to ceramics to make them waterproof and stain-resistant.
Vitreous China
A durable, non-porous ceramic material commonly used for toilets, sinks, and other plumbing fixtures.
VTR (Vent Through the Roof)
A vent pipe that extends through the roof to allow sewer gases to escape and air to enter the plumbing system.
W
W.C. (Water Closet)
A term for a toilet or bathroom, used in plumbing and construction contexts.
Wafer Check Valve
A thin, lightweight valve that allows water or gas to flow in one direction and prevents backflow.
Washdown Water Closet
A type of toilet where water enters the bowl directly from the rim to flush waste into the trapway.
Washing Machine Box
A recessed box that contains water supply valves and a drain connection for a washing machine.
Waste & Overflow
A system in bathtubs that allows excess water to drain through an overflow pipe, preventing spills.
Waste Arm
A horizontal pipe that connects a fixture’s trap to the main drain line.
Waste Shoe
A pipe fitting that connects a bathtub drain to the waste and overflow assembly.
Wastewater
Used water from sinks, toilets, and other fixtures, often containing contaminants that require treatment before disposal.
Water Closet
Another term for a toilet, emphasizing its function as a plumbing fixture.
Water Hammer
A noise caused by the sudden stoppage of water flow, creating a pressure shockwave in the pipes.
Water Heater
An appliance that heats and stores water for residential or commercial use.
Water Heater Gauge
A device that measures and displays the temperature or pressure inside a water heater.
Water Meter
A device used to measure the volume of water used in a building, typically for billing purposes.
Water Pressure
The force exerted by water in a plumbing system, measured in pounds per square inch (PSI).
Water Softener
A device that removes minerals like calcium and magnesium from hard water, improving water quality and reducing scale buildup.
Water Supply
The system of pipes and fixtures that delivers potable water to a building.
WaterSense
An EPA program promoting water-efficient products and practices, helping consumers save water and reduce utility bills.
Well Pump
A pump used to draw water from a well to supply a building’s plumbing system.
Wet Vent
A vent pipe that also serves as a drain for one or more fixtures, reducing the need for separate venting lines.
WH (White Finish)
A smooth, white coating used on plumbing fixtures for a clean and classic appearance.
WHITE – EURO
A specific shade of white used in European-style plumbing fixtures, slightly different from standard white finishes.
WHITE – POLAR
A bright, crisp shade of white used in some plumbing fixtures and finishes.
Widespread
A type of faucet design where the handles and spout are mounted separately, typically spaced 8–16 inches apart.
Winterization
The process of preparing plumbing systems for freezing temperatures, such as draining pipes or adding antifreeze.
WOG (Water, Oil, Gas)
A rating indicating that a valve or fitting is suitable for use with water, oil, and gas systems.
Working Pressure
The maximum pressure a plumbing system or component can safely handle during normal operation.
WYE
A pipe fitting with a Y-shaped configuration, used to connect three pipes at angles for efficient flow and drainage.
X
Y
Yoke
A U-shaped or bracket-like pipe fitting used in plumbing systems to connect or support pipes, often in structural applications or to reduce stress on pipe joints.
Yoke Vent
A vent pipe installed to connect the drainage system to the main vent stack, helping to maintain proper airflow and prevent siphoning in the plumbing system. It is commonly used in multi-story buildings to balance pressure between the stack and branch lines.
